A. Well, not exactly. The ordinary sentence "She'll rise to the top" relies on the metaphor STATUS = UP (number 7). Check p. 16 of Metaphors We Live By.

• B. Yes, in the conceptual structure underlying ordinary sentence "All upcoming events are listed in the paper," Future events are UP (number 6).

• C. Yes, in the ordinary sentence "She is morally upright, and an upstanding citizen," Virtue is UP (number 9).

• D. Yes. Here being UP is being awake and conscious. Number 2 is correct.

While of course it is good to be on top of things, being on top really means being in control; the sentence "I am on top of the situation" shows that, in our thinking, HAVING CONTROL is UP (number 4). Check p. 15 of Metaphors We Live By.

F. Hmmm. The category of experience expressed by the sentence is emotion. Do you see emotions on the list of possible metaphors? Take a look again:

1. HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN
2. CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
3. HEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN
4. HAVING CONTROL OR FORCE ARE UP; BEING SUBJECT TO CONTROL OR FORCE IS DOWN
5. MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN
6. FUTURE EVENTS ARE UP (and AHEAD)
7. STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN
8. GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWN
9. VIRTUE IS UP; DEPRAVITY IS DOWN
10. RATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN

Happiness and sadness are emotions (number 1). Remember that emotions are something that are not physical, that cannot be grabbed and felt with our hands. Placing happiness UP and sadness DOWN is a way of making them comprehensible to us. Is this metaphor connected to Judy Collins's song do you think?

G. The key words in the sentence "He couldn't rise above his emotions" are "rise above": in a healthy (rational) person, the sentence implies, emotions are lower than thought processes, so the underlying conceptual structure here is number 10. Check p. 17 of Metaphors We Live By.

• H. Yes, good work: to say a number is going "up" seems literal, but it is in fact metaphorical: there is no physical reason that we could not switch meanings in our language for "countdown" and "counting up."

I. Well, when you say that things are looking up, usually what you mean is that things were bad and now they are better -- now they are good. So number 8 is the correct answer. Check p. 16 of Metaphors We Live By.

J. Well, not exactly. This song is not so much about the way things are in the world as it is about the way things are perceived depending upon a person's emotions. In the first stanza, UP and DOWN refer to states of feeling in the singer, don't they?